Legends of Fishing Journal Online
Volume 1
Download the Journal click here LEGENDS FISHING
Joscelin, Julien Ludovic &
Monday, February 28, 2011
Sunday, February 27, 2011
Who Does R Mean On Pokemon Card
Friday night, Mike and me Boy, you go to a place that is completely unknown and we called the Largo, in the lower city. It will take advantage of a coupon for two free appetizers. Once there, I remain stuck to the glass entrance. It is not Pantoute the type of place I expected. That's pretty classy, it looks like a posh restaurant for people who are only admitted if they have one (or maybe even) BMW. It's not where the evening goes up, besides a duo has just started to play jazz. We control rums and coke, it sucks them and we leave quickly. Where are we could find some action? While waiting to find, we went to the nearest convenience store to buy a six-pack of beer to make a background on the track of an interesting bar.
We walk up the Barberie. The place is paquetée bin steep, impossible to sit anywhere. It goes in the toilet to drink our second can of a series of three each. I start and then left my place in the toilets to Mike boy. I leave the precious liquid to swallow his pace and am going to wait at the entrance. Surprise: I come face to face with two police officers have been speaking to a server. Oh oh, I just committed a reprehensible act and boy Mike is in full offense. But since the police are right in front of me, I want to arouse their suspicions turned to the toilet. They'll really think I'll warn my boyfriend who snorts a line on the bowl or is currently conducting a transaction of crystal meth. I remain there, saying it would still be worth a chat to them to avoid one of them decides to go for a walk to the bathroom. Anyway, they're not alone: we fret too bad you know where to go. What's better than a policeman to know where to spend the evening?
I will tell the officer that I am not from here (true if one considers that the area is limited to the neighborhood) and we seek a place where there 's action. He is very friendly and suggested the boudoir. Mike Boy out of toilets and joins the discussion. Leaving the bar, we offer the police take us to the boudoir if we accept to sit on the bench with plastic on the back (it's a bench behind the plastic tanks police in any case, back of this car there was that). It's not super comfortable but it's very cool! We have a free taxi worse we live 5 minutes of feeling gangster who has just been picked up by the police without anxiety to have a criminal record. The police let us just ahead of the boudoir. One coat both because the police were great smatte and besides, we sat behind a police car for the first time in our lives. The proof is in the Quebec pork is really good!
AHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA lolllll!
Finally, no matter what happens in the rest of our evening, we just live peak. It's a bit flat by cons, because the night is young and we realize we can not help but already be on the downslope.
The rest of the evening was without very interesting story. The punch of the story without punch, it's my joke on Quebec pork. Wah ah, there's a guy hot in the boudoir that told me I was such as Ken, the boyfriend of Barbie. Wicked compliment I think, but the guy was so hot that ben not count. Pis the 2-3 girls who were not really talked to me the impression that I looked like Ken. Perhaps more to Kenny, the little boy who was skating without his legs.
But regardless, this story should be written to remember the night when I got lifter by the police.
Friday, February 25, 2011
Dental Hygienist Income Canada
History Guide Zombie Survival
Today, I told my consultant team that won just almost 150,000 dollars a year to put line breaks between paragraphs because I felt that the text was not very airy.
him when he wrote paragraphs, it works like this. Just an "enter" to skip the next paragraph, leaving no space.
Ben SIBOL, just as happens in my life, my suggestion has resulted in a banal ostinage me arguing that taking too much space, it would kill the poplars, it was still crap and c That was always bullshit (pronounced with a French accent). It goes without saying that the phrase that crossed my Then the head was "Fuck my tabarnac. You win two and half times my salary for doing nothing it is essential that your firm c Alissa Yeul worse will be your carriage returns "
I never
tripp on books with dragons or zombies. It has its place in the collection of the short-scale, but with people my age, I do not know if it's appropriate. I also have a friend who played 35 years in Magic the Gathering for lunch at his job and I live quite well with it, especially since just set it as my friend.
When I was at College, between 1996 and 1998, Y'avait a full table in the cafeteria where people exchanged cards, Magic the Gathering. They all look thick or Mongolian. In fact, truly Y'avait three or four real Mongolians around the table.
So when I received the suggestion to read the book "World War Z" about a world war caused by the Zombies, I have not felt to be part of the target audience. I still decided to borrow from the library because the angle of the book looked interesting (each chapter of the book is about the world war of the zombies from the perspective of a particular person as a doctor, a soldier, a teenager, a blind Japanese).
I unfortunately found the book to the library so I borrowed one from the same author. It's called "Survival Guide The Zombie." The cover was very saleswoman.
Today, I told my consultant team that won just almost 150,000 dollars a year to put line breaks between paragraphs because I felt that the text was not very airy.
him when he wrote paragraphs, it works like this. Just an "enter" to skip the next paragraph, leaving no space.
Ben SIBOL, just as happens in my life, my suggestion has resulted in a banal ostinage me arguing that taking too much space, it would kill the poplars, it was still crap and c That was always bullshit (pronounced with a French accent). It goes without saying that the phrase that crossed my Then the head was "Fuck my tabarnac. You win two and half times my salary for doing nothing it is essential that your firm c Alissa Yeul worse will be your carriage returns "
But I walked in life, oh my brothers. I stayed diplomat and cordially informed him that we had s'ostiner 5 minutes about something that took 30 seconds left. So, in order to maybe win myself $ 150 000 per year one day I decided to write this next paragraph of text with semi-spaced.
I never
tripp on books with dragons or zombies. It has its place in the collection of the short-scale, but with people my age, I do not know if it's appropriate. I also have a friend who played 35 years in Magic the Gathering for lunch at his job and I live quite well with it, especially since just set it as my friend.
When I was at College, between 1996 and 1998, Y'avait a full table in the cafeteria where people exchanged cards, Magic the Gathering. They all look thick or Mongolian. In fact, truly Y'avait three or four real Mongolians around the table.
So when I received the suggestion to read the book "World War Z" about a world war caused by the Zombies, I have not felt to be part of the target audience. I still decided to borrow from the library because the angle of the book looked interesting (each chapter of the book is about the world war of the zombies from the perspective of a particular person as a doctor, a soldier, a teenager, a blind Japanese).
I unfortunately found the book to the library so I borrowed one from the same author. It's called "Survival Guide The Zombie." The cover was very saleswoman.
I have not finished reading the book, but so far I have found it very interesting. Roughly speaking, the book provides a wealth of practical advice for dealing with zombies. It explains how to deal with zombies, what kind of ground to confront, what are the ideal weapons, modes of travel as effective zombie psychology, how stay in shape to withstand and cope with zombies. It also advises, among the elements essential to get a haircut and wearing tight clothing.
Even if my reading is not very far advanced, perhaps I will give a score of at least 8 bayous of 10 to work.
I hope you enjoyed this text anti-ventilated area and I encourage everyone to respond comments in a manner comparable to the latest texts by giving your opinion repeatedly and at multiple Jean Charest or about the history of French Canadian people throughout history.
Wednesday, February 23, 2011
New 2010 Denise Milani
Economic consequences of teleportation on transportation costs
I recently reviewed one of the masterpieces of fantasy film, "Fly" in the version directed by David Cronenberg, Jeff Goldblum, a remake of a classic the 50s just as good, and a number of economic considerations mentioned in the movie entertained me. This is the subject of this post.
The story is simple enough to summarize in a few words: a brilliant inventor, a physicist by profession, is developing a system to teleport the first inert material, then, stumbling on the problem Teleportation of living creatures, is the solution, the experiments on himself, causing an end. As the film begins, the scientific dialogue with science journalist played by Geena Davis and told him the next thing to persuade her to write a book that recounts his discovery
Precisely, nothing is less true if we look at how the problem of transport, including individuals, is discussed in modern economic theory.
Things can be understood intuitively: the transportation problem is not just a distance problem consisting of going from point A to point B is also a problem of infrastructure capacity that can convey things or beings. This capacity problem is not seen by the film, which has other cats, or rather fly, whipping and there is not its essential purpose.
However, this is a central point. Draw the thread linked to the revolutionary discovery of Brundle, the unfortunate inventor of teleportation played by Goldblum. Imagine that his device becomes completely reliable, and pervasive as to render obsolete all transport infrastructure, land, sea, air, etc.. Brundle system requires access to a person at a TelePod located in A, the transfer of that person to another TelePod located in B. The crucial point is that it is possible to teleport an object or be living at the same time is also the source of the curse of our great inventor, the procedure for a few seconds and the total journey time is not related to the distance between A and B, since is precisely teleportation.
The fact remains that the system is a bottleneck. Difficult to consider building as many TelePod (these are expensive for a simple economic point of view) that people wishing to move, and therefore, the system has a capacity limit. For example, this limit could be, for example, 60 trips per hour per TelePod, assuming the time of entry and exit total equal to one minute.
Now, who said said capacity limit potential congestion, ie the possibility of transport costs not related to the distance increase with travel demand at a given time and depending on the stock travel remaining to sell when I appear before the TelePod. Indeed, congestion is a dynamic phenomenon, which implies a mechanism for queue, and therefore travel time when m (or cost if I assume negligible financial costs of traveling in a first step) increases due to the total travel remaining to be sold and the proceeds of the travel demand for the moments m-1, m -2, etc., above, and demand instant m. The problem will be precisely that it is possible to transfer a person per minute ...
Congestion well formed dynamically: as the instantaneous demand is less than or equal to the capacity of the neck, the waiting time (or portion of the neck) is zero. However, once the demand becomes instant exceeds capacity, congestion starts to build vehicles and accumulate in a queue, and it becomes increasingly come to move along the neck. Then, the number of instantaneous downward departures, and congestion ultimately resolves. The rule within the neck is of course a first-come-first served basis.
The chart below, taken from the excellent book by Ken Small and Eric Verhoef on the economy of urban transport, the model and illustrates the formation of congestion:
In this graph, the value of N (t) represents the difference between the total capacity over time (the dotted line) and the combined demand from the moment the number of departures is greater than the capacity flow of the road (solid curve). The horizontal value T (t) is the time spent in the neck of a user starting at t.
More recently, the American Economic Review published an experimental study of Daniel, Gish and Rapoport in 2009 on a more sophisticated version of this bottleneck model, based on the idea of bottlenecks that fit together in a big bottleneck (to put it simply, two small roads that connect to a highway). The authors test the impact of increasing the capacity of a small road upstream, all things being equal, the cost of transport. They observe in the laboratory a form of Braess paradox (a phenomenon I wrote about here ), which causes the increase in capacity leads to so-cons intuitive an increase in overall costs of displacement.
Returning to Cronenberg film, and to link with what has been said, even with the generalized teleportation, it is not clear that increasing the capacity TelePod would solve the problem permanently travel costs if a phenomenon of Braess type occurs (for that to happen, just that the capacity increase is not too strong). Like what a technological innovation, even revolutionary, do not sound the end of our thinking in the field of transport economics, on the contrary, it stimulates them, no doubt.
I came to the conclusion that the film would Fly a great introduction to a course of modern transport economics, however, assuming that most students did not make lunch or enjoy After the screening - the film is quite gory at times anyway - otherwise, even with talent, it will be difficult to ask an intellectual effort ... 
That very long time since I have not done a post about the economic dimensions that can be addressed in the films, these sometimes explicitly but more often in a completely unconscious in the minds of writers, only my twisted mind that perhaps the idea of the highlight ...
[Some readers believe so strongly that it is mainly due to the fact that there is only me that this piece! But then, what a paradox because, reader, if you arrived at this point is that you read me and So you're interested!]
I recently reviewed one of the masterpieces of fantasy film, "Fly" in the version directed by David Cronenberg, Jeff Goldblum, a remake of a classic the 50s just as good, and a number of economic considerations mentioned in the movie entertained me. This is the subject of this post.
The story is simple enough to summarize in a few words: a brilliant inventor, a physicist by profession, is developing a system to teleport the first inert material, then, stumbling on the problem Teleportation of living creatures, is the solution, the experiments on himself, causing an end. As the film begins, the scientific dialogue with science journalist played by Geena Davis and told him the next thing to persuade her to write a book that recounts his discovery
"This is a book about the invention put an end to all the concepts on transport, the limits of time and space. "
This is where I bisque.
In fact, this idea reflects the common sense that we all have and that is to consider that the problem of transporting goods or passengers is primarily a distance problem. If the distance was abolished by means of a device such as teleportation, then more transportation problem and a transportation cost zero or almost insignificant.
In fact, this idea reflects the common sense that we all have and that is to consider that the problem of transporting goods or passengers is primarily a distance problem. If the distance was abolished by means of a device such as teleportation, then more transportation problem and a transportation cost zero or almost insignificant.
This would sound the death knell it a discipline that is dear to me, transport economics, reduced to be included in the pantheon of the history of thought in dusty oblivion reserved for ideas that have no more interest, like for example the Marxist theory of value or of the overwhelming majority of the works of Bernard Henry-Levy ?
Precisely, nothing is less true if we look at how the problem of transport, including individuals, is discussed in modern economic theory.
Things can be understood intuitively: the transportation problem is not just a distance problem consisting of going from point A to point B is also a problem of infrastructure capacity that can convey things or beings. This capacity problem is not seen by the film, which has other cats, or rather fly, whipping and there is not its essential purpose.
However, this is a central point. Draw the thread linked to the revolutionary discovery of Brundle, the unfortunate inventor of teleportation played by Goldblum. Imagine that his device becomes completely reliable, and pervasive as to render obsolete all transport infrastructure, land, sea, air, etc.. Brundle system requires access to a person at a TelePod located in A, the transfer of that person to another TelePod located in B. The crucial point is that it is possible to teleport an object or be living at the same time is also the source of the curse of our great inventor, the procedure for a few seconds and the total journey time is not related to the distance between A and B, since is precisely teleportation.
The fact remains that the system is a bottleneck. Difficult to consider building as many TelePod (these are expensive for a simple economic point of view) that people wishing to move, and therefore, the system has a capacity limit. For example, this limit could be, for example, 60 trips per hour per TelePod, assuming the time of entry and exit total equal to one minute.
Now, who said said capacity limit potential congestion, ie the possibility of transport costs not related to the distance increase with travel demand at a given time and depending on the stock travel remaining to sell when I appear before the TelePod. Indeed, congestion is a dynamic phenomenon, which implies a mechanism for queue, and therefore travel time when m (or cost if I assume negligible financial costs of traveling in a first step) increases due to the total travel remaining to be sold and the proceeds of the travel demand for the moments m-1, m -2, etc., above, and demand instant m. The problem will be precisely that it is possible to transfer a person per minute ...
This way of conceiving the problem of displacement and the formation of congestion dynamically was proposed by William Vickrey and formalized in 1969 by Richard Arnott, André de Palma and Robin Lindsey in the late 80's in what is now the bottleneck models ("bottleneck models"). It must be said that these models, inspired by physics and operations research, constituted a revolution in the field of urban economics and transport economics.
Initially, these models seek to explain the formation of congestion in commuting between home and work in urban areas, particularly the phenomena of peak morning and evening. In the simplest theoretical configuration, while everyone wants to get to the same place at one time, drivers are assumed homogeneous, all located in one place, and before going through the same route to arrive for example in the city center where are all the jobs. This route has a certain flow capacity by time period, eg 100 vehicles per minute. Motorists must choose just when to leave their homes knowing that they must arrive at a precise moment, the same for all, and the cost of transport is established that the time they spend in the bottleneck but also the opportunity cost time due to the fact that they may arrive early or late in their workplace. So there's a real tradeoff for users: either I leave early, I spend easily the neck because there are not many people, but I get ahead. Either I'm leaving very late, when there are more people, I suffered for lost time in the slug, and I might as well be late.
Initially, these models seek to explain the formation of congestion in commuting between home and work in urban areas, particularly the phenomena of peak morning and evening. In the simplest theoretical configuration, while everyone wants to get to the same place at one time, drivers are assumed homogeneous, all located in one place, and before going through the same route to arrive for example in the city center where are all the jobs. This route has a certain flow capacity by time period, eg 100 vehicles per minute. Motorists must choose just when to leave their homes knowing that they must arrive at a precise moment, the same for all, and the cost of transport is established that the time they spend in the bottleneck but also the opportunity cost time due to the fact that they may arrive early or late in their workplace. So there's a real tradeoff for users: either I leave early, I spend easily the neck because there are not many people, but I get ahead. Either I'm leaving very late, when there are more people, I suffered for lost time in the slug, and I might as well be late.
Congestion well formed dynamically: as the instantaneous demand is less than or equal to the capacity of the neck, the waiting time (or portion of the neck) is zero. However, once the demand becomes instant exceeds capacity, congestion starts to build vehicles and accumulate in a queue, and it becomes increasingly come to move along the neck. Then, the number of instantaneous downward departures, and congestion ultimately resolves. The rule within the neck is of course a first-come-first served basis.
The chart below, taken from the excellent book by Ken Small and Eric Verhoef on the economy of urban transport, the model and illustrates the formation of congestion:
Source: Small and Verhoef (2007), The Economics of Urban Transportation Routledge.
In this graph, the value of N (t) represents the difference between the total capacity over time (the dotted line) and the combined demand from the moment the number of departures is greater than the capacity flow of the road (solid curve). The horizontal value T (t) is the time spent in the neck of a user starting at t.
It is even possible to further simplify the model, assuming that a vehicle that enters the mouth goes immediately if the capacity does the stock remains above application to sell in t, since it is not important really.
few years ago (sorry, I'll still talk to me like the last post), I realized with some colleagues a series of experimental studies on this model (a reference here), although excessively simplified experience in a laboratory, but the results were quite enlightening. Even with a small number of players in this game bottleneck, congestion is observed consistently, which means that participants are unable to coordinate well enough to solve the congestion problem, for example, player 1 starting at time 1, the player 2to hour 2, etc., which would minimize the total cost of transportation, and efficiency would be 100%. In our experiments, the average efficiency of around 60%, which is related to congestion. Moreover, the results observed in the laboratory are fairly close to the theoretical predictions from the model of bottleneck.
few years ago (sorry, I'll still talk to me like the last post), I realized with some colleagues a series of experimental studies on this model (a reference here), although excessively simplified experience in a laboratory, but the results were quite enlightening. Even with a small number of players in this game bottleneck, congestion is observed consistently, which means that participants are unable to coordinate well enough to solve the congestion problem, for example, player 1 starting at time 1, the player 2to hour 2, etc., which would minimize the total cost of transportation, and efficiency would be 100%. In our experiments, the average efficiency of around 60%, which is related to congestion. Moreover, the results observed in the laboratory are fairly close to the theoretical predictions from the model of bottleneck.
More recently, the American Economic Review published an experimental study of Daniel, Gish and Rapoport in 2009 on a more sophisticated version of this bottleneck model, based on the idea of bottlenecks that fit together in a big bottleneck (to put it simply, two small roads that connect to a highway). The authors test the impact of increasing the capacity of a small road upstream, all things being equal, the cost of transport. They observe in the laboratory a form of Braess paradox (a phenomenon I wrote about here ), which causes the increase in capacity leads to so-cons intuitive an increase in overall costs of displacement.
Returning to Cronenberg film, and to link with what has been said, even with the generalized teleportation, it is not clear that increasing the capacity TelePod would solve the problem permanently travel costs if a phenomenon of Braess type occurs (for that to happen, just that the capacity increase is not too strong). Like what a technological innovation, even revolutionary, do not sound the end of our thinking in the field of transport economics, on the contrary, it stimulates them, no doubt.
I came to the conclusion that the film would Fly a great introduction to a course of modern transport economics, however, assuming that most students did not make lunch or enjoy After the screening - the film is quite gory at times anyway - otherwise, even with talent, it will be difficult to ask an intellectual effort ...
Tuesday, February 22, 2011
Sasusaku Lemon Fanfic
Pork Quebec
I have not read the entire manifesto of the new coalition of Francois Legault but I'm always happy to see people trying to awaken people to the fact that it's not going well in Quebec worse it's going go less and less in the years to come. I wonder if there 's still people who have not understood it? Probably because I'm sure some people were proud to hear that it was better Quebec from other provinces during the economic crisis. It's kind ben ben hard not to fare well when half of our workforce is on welfare and the other half work for the government. The manifesto
Francois Legault plans to put priority on education first and foremost. I agree with that. There's probably not a country that stands out economically without its people are educated.
The two passions of young Quebecers are dropping out and suicide. That certainly implies that the education system is wrong. For suicide, I can not speculate, but the dropout rate, it is obvious that there is a direct link with the system education. So why not be inspired models that work well, such as Germany (a country where the stall is the lowest in the world according to an article I read in the newspaper a few months)? In addition, it devotes the country where the drop is the lowest is the first economic power in Europe.
I think we must be rigorous and demanding with faculty, staff and students. We must aim for a culture of excellence, encourage young people to excel and reward top performers. We must increase the competition between young people and destroy forever the concept of "everyone equal" which limits the performance of our company. We need people to be rewarded on merit and punished to the lack of merit.
Low worse it will commit suicide as the Quebec pork that is, from what I learned this week, one of the best in the world because we have refined the weakest elements in the reproduction chain.
This text was not so bad ends started again with the extremism that discredits me. 
I have not read the entire manifesto of the new coalition of Francois Legault but I'm always happy to see people trying to awaken people to the fact that it's not going well in Quebec worse it's going go less and less in the years to come. I wonder if there 's still people who have not understood it? Probably because I'm sure some people were proud to hear that it was better Quebec from other provinces during the economic crisis. It's kind ben ben hard not to fare well when half of our workforce is on welfare and the other half work for the government. The manifesto
Francois Legault plans to put priority on education first and foremost. I agree with that. There's probably not a country that stands out economically without its people are educated.
The two passions of young Quebecers are dropping out and suicide. That certainly implies that the education system is wrong. For suicide, I can not speculate, but the dropout rate, it is obvious that there is a direct link with the system education. So why not be inspired models that work well, such as Germany (a country where the stall is the lowest in the world according to an article I read in the newspaper a few months)? In addition, it devotes the country where the drop is the lowest is the first economic power in Europe.
I think we must be rigorous and demanding with faculty, staff and students. We must aim for a culture of excellence, encourage young people to excel and reward top performers. We must increase the competition between young people and destroy forever the concept of "everyone equal" which limits the performance of our company. We need people to be rewarded on merit and punished to the lack of merit.
Low worse it will commit suicide as the Quebec pork that is, from what I learned this week, one of the best in the world because we have refined the weakest elements in the reproduction chain.
This text was not so bad ends started again with the extremism that discredits me.
How Many Calories Is A School Lunch
Online Mentoring & Out Discovery FQSA / Fishing Quebec 2011
Fishers component discovery "Fishermen are already having an experience of salmon fishing or have already participated in the mentoring program, but wish to be accompanied by a guide / escort for the discovery of two (2) three (3) rivers involved.
New
Pre-Mentoring: To enable participants to improve their throwing technique before conducting the activity, it will be possible to hold a day solely dedicated to clinical development to launch if the number of registered warrants (minimum 6 participants).
Hosting
The registration fee includes
Package 1 - All Inclusive:
Registration fees are payable by credit card at 35% upon booking, the balance taken 1st August 2011. In case of cancellation before August 1, fees already paid will be refunded if the spaces left vacancies are resold. After August 1st, the fee is not refundable.
Schedule weekend
6: 00 - Breakfast and departure briefing General, Municipal Hall of Trinity Bay
7: 00 - Departure for the fishing day
12: 30 - Dinner, site to confirm
20: 00 - Group Dinner for participants and mentors, Room Trinity Bay Municipal
Sunday, September 4
6: 00 - Breakfast, Bay Municipal Hall Trinity
7: 30 - Breakfast Room, Trinity Bay Municipal 
Out Mentoring and Discovery FQSA / Fishing Quebec 2011
Out Mentoring and Discovery FQSA / Fishing Quebec 2011
Dates: 2, 3, 4 and 5 September 2011
Location: Rivers Godbout, Great Trinity and The Rocks
limited number of registration:
Location: Rivers Godbout, Great Trinity and The Rocks
limited number of registration:
- Mentoring Component: 24 participants
- Component discovery: 24 participants
- Youth Component: 10 participants will be determined by the Youth Homes of Godbout, Baie-Trinité and Port-Cartier, in collaboration with the Youth Focus of Verdun
Criterion requirement and required
mentoring component Fishermen are required to have experience within 3 seasons and / or a total of 10 fishing days (depending the first of the two eventualities). In addition, anyone who has ever participated in the mentoring component is no longer eligible for this component. It is strongly recommended that beginners start training to fly prior to the activity.
Fishers component discovery "Fishermen are already having an experience of salmon fishing or have already participated in the mentoring program, but wish to be accompanied by a guide / escort for the discovery of two (2) three (3) rivers involved.
New
Pre-Mentoring: To enable participants to improve their throwing technique before conducting the activity, it will be possible to hold a day solely dedicated to clinical development to launch if the number of registered warrants (minimum 6 participants).
Hosting
The Accommodation will be allocated by organizing activities among the different sites of Trinity Bay
- The Cottages Bay
- Le Gite du Vieux Phare (Pointe des Monts)
- The Hotel St Lawrence
- Le Gite du Capitaine
Registration Procedures
By phone only, at the office to FQSA As of Saturday, March 19, 2011 at 8: 30 (418) 847-9191 ext 6. Enrollment is limited, so places will be allocated on a first come - first served basis. It will not be allowed to book more than 2 tickets per call.
Registration fee
Registration fee
- Package 1: Mentoring / Discovery Semi-double-occupancy (3.4 and 5 September 2011): $ 385 / pers.
- Package 2: Mentoring / Discovery with pre-mentoring: With lodging-double occupancy-(2, 3.4 and September 5, 2011): $ 535 per person.
- Package 3: Mentoring / Discovery Without accommodation: $ 260 per person
- Package 4: Companions (complete package with no access rights or dinner): $ 300 2 days / 3 nights
The registration fee includes
Package 1 - All Inclusive:
- Accommodation for the nights of 2, 3, 4 September 2011, double occupancy, please specify with whom you wish to be paired.
- access rights on two different rivers on 3 and 4 September (random allocation by the organization)
- Breakfasts of 3.4 and 5 September 2011
- Dinners 3 and September 4, 2011
- The dinner banquet on September 3 and September 4
- The accompanying river by a mentor or tour guide according to the formula adopted
- The gratuities and service charges for all meals are included
Package 2 - All Inclusive
- Everything is included in package 1 plus the night of 1 September, 3 meals, 2 September, the clinical development of fly fishing with a qualified instructor
Package 3 - without accommodation
- Everything is included in the Package 1, except hosting
Package 3-Accompanying
- Everything is included in the package 1 except access rights for fishing and dinners.
Payment
Registration fees are payable by credit card at 35% upon booking, the balance taken 1st August 2011. In case of cancellation before August 1, fees already paid will be refunded if the spaces left vacancies are resold. After August 1st, the fee is not refundable.
Schedule weekend
Friday, September 2
7: 30 - Breakfast, (venue tbc)
8: 30-11: 30 Clinical development of start
12: 00 - Diner
13: 00-16: 30 Clinical development of start
18: 00 Dinner (venue tbc)
Saturday, September 3
8: 30-11: 30 Clinical development of start
12: 00 - Diner
13: 00-16: 30 Clinical development of start
18: 00 Dinner (venue tbc)
Saturday, September 3
6: 00 - Breakfast and departure briefing General, Municipal Hall of Trinity Bay
7: 00 - Departure for the fishing day
12: 30 - Dinner, site to confirm
20: 00 - Group Dinner for participants and mentors, Room Trinity Bay Municipal
Sunday, September 4
6: 00 - Breakfast, Bay Municipal Hall Trinity
7: 00 - Godbout and Port Cartier
7: 00 - Going fishing (8: 00 for Godbout and Port-Cartier)
12: 30 - Diner site to confirm ;
20: 00 - Banquet Room, Trinity Bay Municipal
Monday, September 5
7: 00 - Going fishing (8: 00 for Godbout and Port-Cartier)
12: 30 - Diner site to confirm ;
20: 00 - Banquet Room, Trinity Bay Municipal
Monday, September 5
7: 30 - Breakfast Room, Trinity Bay Municipal
Monday, February 21, 2011
North Face Denali And Tennis Balls
Elitist
I attach great importance to the way people write. I would go so far as to say that a person is necessarily dumb because she writes evil, but almost. Must say that it would assert that intelligence arises automatically literacy.
I attach great importance to the way people write. I would go so far as to say that a person is necessarily dumb because she writes evil, but almost. Must say that it would assert that intelligence arises automatically literacy.
I still misery to have respect for someone who writes badly. It gives me the impression that this person is neither strange nor cultivated. And I'm going back this. Is it possible to be intelligent without being curious?
The fact is that the sampling that I have on hand is, in the same direction (writing = poor intelligence from):
- The keeper is a good example. To see the passive, almost open-mouthed with the saliva flowing, while his sickly daughter harass us and then read the diary in which she writes sentences such as new-type "Baby crying so I Plasser the floor, "one asks questions. It would be difficult to consider his useful input on a desert island or after a nuclear disaster, to rebuild civilization.
- Another example: one of the guys in poker. At age 28, in addition to super hot photos of him completely drunk on Facebook, it adorns the incredible network Social phrases such high caliber that "ce ki ki wants to play poker tonight? .
- Also in the fabulous world of computing, I have an example that does not offer a direct link between intelligence and level of writing, but still, it's been hard. Today I received a resume for a job available in my area. From the first seconds of play, I see a lot of stuff not work:
"Knowing that your company is always looking for the best, staff responsible, independent, and especially able to provide quality service and I think my vest and my ability to meet required standards, and would make me an ideal candidate for your institution "( not really fault except blatant abuse of punctuation and semicolon not completely report. This type of punctuation should also be left with 99% of the population) .
"dynamic and team spirit"
"excellent health" (very good )
It's still fun to know this guy is healthy and should not take too much sick leave. Unfortunately, it does not compensate for the fact that the document aims to sell is not the seller. What would it be at work everyday? Me, I fear a rutabaga orgy of mistakes. In short, I think I have neither the inclination nor the time to go 8 times on documents from an employee, even if it is super friendly and beneficial to the team with his excellent character.
I may be elitist and / or téteux. But I blame all those who tolerate these errors leave quietly decline of civilization.
(The decline of civilization: my new obsession).
Sunday, February 20, 2011
Create A Tech Deck Online Now
Ejafjalajofuck
This year I decided not to mention the fact that I bought tickets to go to Iceland.
This year I decided not to mention the fact that I bought tickets to go to Iceland.
Thursday, February 17, 2011
What Are The Symptoms Of The Acute Hiv Rash
My friendship on a plateau
It's been a long time that someone who reads my blog I wrote on its own initiative. It must be at least a year or two that it did not happen ...
Sometimes I miss my daily correspondence for a few years ago with Kattykane. Even if she thought beautiful we had some fun too bad it was written smatte bin and I could fooling around a bit without her coat, which was a very good point in his favor. She told me the gossip of the music studio where she worked, she told me she was beautiful, we talked about what was happening on blogs, she said she was beautiful, and so on ... I Pis I told him my troubles on the network contact and gave him a little more detail than what was written on my blog. One day we were even on the verge of buying milk 3.25% each of our board to put the fantasy in our lives to trying it instead of 2% milk. Then, as Ben's world, she was tired of reading my chialage worse, not long after, she was pretty tired of all the blogs in general. It's too bad she is gone I had no news of her since about two years.
Since then I have not interacted with many people and hardly anyone came out of nowhere I rewrote. But a few weeks ago, a guy (or girl who posed as a guy) occurred:
From: alexi03@hotmail.com
Date: Thu, January 13, 2011
To: pb1979@hotmail.com
Subject: (none)
Anyway, I did not just "taken note" of the suggestion made to me. It's as if someone else wants to impersonate a guy or a girl and write me suggest a book, a record, a kind of cereal or anything else, I am open to take into account the suggestions made. It could even become relevant as I have been with Kattykane if you smatte. Worse perhaps we could become friends for a long time, like that ever happen with the Cyber-relationships are bloggers. 
It's been a long time that someone who reads my blog I wrote on its own initiative. It must be at least a year or two that it did not happen ...
Sometimes I miss my daily correspondence for a few years ago with Kattykane. Even if she thought beautiful we had some fun too bad it was written smatte bin and I could fooling around a bit without her coat, which was a very good point in his favor. She told me the gossip of the music studio where she worked, she told me she was beautiful, we talked about what was happening on blogs, she said she was beautiful, and so on ... I Pis I told him my troubles on the network contact and gave him a little more detail than what was written on my blog. One day we were even on the verge of buying milk 3.25% each of our board to put the fantasy in our lives to trying it instead of 2% milk. Then, as Ben's world, she was tired of reading my chialage worse, not long after, she was pretty tired of all the blogs in general. It's too bad she is gone I had no news of her since about two years.
Since then I have not interacted with many people and hardly anyone came out of nowhere I rewrote. But a few weeks ago, a guy (or girl who posed as a guy) occurred:
From: alexi03@hotmail.com
Date: Thu, January 13, 2011
To: pb1979@hotmail.com
Subject: (none)
Hi, I live
Quebec. I do not know you, you do not know me either. I read your blog for some years, I've never left comments. I read a book that made me think of you is a particular reading which presents the Holocaust in a very marginal approach.
Finally, do what you want my suggestion, the book is 'Beatrice and Virgil' by Yann Martel (same author as 'Life of Pi'
This reading is quite troubling, especially the end. Can I read possibly be what did you think about your blog.
Anyway, I did not just "taken note" of the suggestion made to me. It's as if someone else wants to impersonate a guy or a girl and write me suggest a book, a record, a kind of cereal or anything else, I am open to take into account the suggestions made. It could even become relevant as I have been with Kattykane if you smatte. Worse perhaps we could become friends for a long time, like that ever happen with the Cyber-relationships are bloggers.
Tuesday, February 15, 2011
What's The Suv That Looks Like A Mercedes
My Cardiovascular
At work, we offered a test of cardiovascular health and I thought that this would not be a bad idea to try. Aimepé has seemed to find that I had no connection with this idea because, she says, was "the person who eats the most fruit in the world" (ie an apple and an orange every day).
It made me doubt. I started to tell me that the test was intended for large pile of mugs and 50 with beads filled with cholesterol. But even if I do not know much about biology, I know there are silent killers for whom the saying the apple does not apply every day. 
At work, we offered a test of cardiovascular health and I thought that this would not be a bad idea to try. Aimepé has seemed to find that I had no connection with this idea because, she says, was "the person who eats the most fruit in the world" (ie an apple and an orange every day).
It made me doubt. I started to tell me that the test was intended for large pile of mugs and 50 with beads filled with cholesterol. But even if I do not know much about biology, I know there are silent killers for whom the saying the apple does not apply every day.
I passed the test and my results are good. I was not actually in the audience. But hey, it gives me a good excuse to celebrate finishing the huge bag of chips bought at Costco 2 kg.
Basically, if everyone was like Aimepé, there would have been a third world war for a long time. Beware of water that sleep and it is thanks to people like me and Winston Churchill as a saver is applied when no one is suspicious. Nobody refers to Winston Churchill in our modern society, but I have not forgotten his contribution and I dedicate my medical results:
- Age: 31 years
- Weight: 160 lbs
- total blood cholesterol: 4.11 mmol / L (healthy range: less than 5.2 mmol / L)
- Blood pressure: 118/70 (healthy range: less than 140/90)
- Random blood glucose: 5.4 mmol / L (area health: less than 11.1 mmol / L)
- Waist: 32.5 inches (healthy range: under 37 inches)
- Daily consumption of fruits and vegetables: 5-6 servings (Area Health : 7 to 10 servings a day)
- physical activity: 30 minutes per day
- Life expectancy: 108 years
Saturday, February 12, 2011
Cervical Mucus After Ovulation Snot Like
Pear
past few years, I hear many girls say after eating a slice of cheesecake, they will have to do 30 minutes of jogging again. Or I see a little ass pitounes Racing Special K to buy some groceries in order to successfully maintain their ass girl 15 years having no fun at lunch.
The blonde of my cousin's girlfriend my boyhood friend, my cousin, my girlfriend's colleagues, it seems to be prevalent everywhere and often in beautiful girls with beautiful shape. Fortunately, it seems only female ...
Friday I'm in training. At the break, we leave the class to be in a room where there are pastries, yogurt, coffee, juice and fruit. The guy that comes to my side (well-dressed man about 45 years old, 6 feet, about 200 or 220 pounds, specialist in a specific area of computer science) looks at the table and said:
Guy: "Yeah, it is not good for my diet this."
Me: "Well the worst you can take a pear."
Guy: "Yes but there's a lot of sugar in fruit ..."
Me: "It's still the best thing that's on the table, too bad it's only natural ..."
Guy: "Yes, but I can not take more than 2 fruits a day. When I take the sugar, it slows down my body burns fat. There, I've lost 40 pounds and blablablabla ".
Me: Okay (I have not understood the details)
Calvary, to hear that a morbidly obese, I found this limit. In a log flume, I thought it was stupid. But a guy from normal shape, even though he lost 40 pounds and did not want to go back, I saw it completely legs. We have a problem SIBOL of society: big pile sedentary that do nothing to change the bad people who have normal size by eating a pear remorse. 
past few years, I hear many girls say after eating a slice of cheesecake, they will have to do 30 minutes of jogging again. Or I see a little ass pitounes Racing Special K to buy some groceries in order to successfully maintain their ass girl 15 years having no fun at lunch.
The blonde of my cousin's girlfriend my boyhood friend, my cousin, my girlfriend's colleagues, it seems to be prevalent everywhere and often in beautiful girls with beautiful shape. Fortunately, it seems only female ...
Friday I'm in training. At the break, we leave the class to be in a room where there are pastries, yogurt, coffee, juice and fruit. The guy that comes to my side (well-dressed man about 45 years old, 6 feet, about 200 or 220 pounds, specialist in a specific area of computer science) looks at the table and said:
Guy: "Yeah, it is not good for my diet this."
Me: "Well the worst you can take a pear."
Guy: "Yes but there's a lot of sugar in fruit ..."
Me: "It's still the best thing that's on the table, too bad it's only natural ..."
Guy: "Yes, but I can not take more than 2 fruits a day. When I take the sugar, it slows down my body burns fat. There, I've lost 40 pounds and blablablabla ".
Me: Okay (I have not understood the details)
Calvary, to hear that a morbidly obese, I found this limit. In a log flume, I thought it was stupid. But a guy from normal shape, even though he lost 40 pounds and did not want to go back, I saw it completely legs. We have a problem SIBOL of society: big pile sedentary that do nothing to change the bad people who have normal size by eating a pear remorse.
Wednesday, February 9, 2011
Who Does Layaway In Winnipeg
February 2007
I am a boy of 27 years and I just transfer my MSN Spaces blog to Blogspot. I have a dispute with my credit blogger ( Keeg , with whom I became briefly and then cozying up with which I then became nothing Pantoute) and a mini-meeting of bloggers (Montreal, September 2006). In short, I write my blog without much knowledge of and interested in what happens around.
But it is changing. There is excitement in Quebec: the first meeting of the 418 bloggers is about to take place.
Brem has compiled a list impressive bloggers who should be present at the Turf. I never thought we had so many bloggers in Quebec City.
The meeting takes place well and I am full of knowledge. The next day, everyone will visit the blog and everyone is a giant orgy due to the very recent establishment of human relations hitherto non-existent. Then decreases slowly until the effervescence to die a few months later.
Four years have passed and things have changed. I have almost no contact with the few bloggers whom I was close. I think all small gangs were defeated and that those who have become friends with others are no longer really.
Worse, I think I would not even be able to go to a list of 10 bloggers still active in the region of Quebec. I wonder if I would be able to get to 5?
Despite what I said was the most lively period for the tip and blogs where I had the least feeling of being all alone behind my keyboard. Asteur is dead. I wish we tried another meeting of the same type, as in REVIVAL Creedance Clearwater Revival, but I fear that blogs are completely out for at least 2 years and I do ale just yet fully realized.
Sunday, February 6, 2011
Low Cost Eye Exams In Dallas Tx
do good or avoid evil? Some lessons of experimental economics
The problem with public goods is the possibility that individuals behave as free riders, that is to say they do not contribute personally the public good, the contribution is generally expensive and, due to its characteristics of non-excludability, soiten tempted to wait another without an effort to produce it themselves. This possibility of free riding was raised by Knut Wicksell, an Austrian economist, from the late 19th century.
Experimental studies on this question were extremely numerous and all tend to show that the behavior of a stowaway is not as common as that, and only a small proportion of individuals are actually stowaways. The problem is that this relatively small minority is "toxic" because individuals who are not intrinsically stowaways will tend, if the contribution to the public good is repeated over time, to punish free riders by reducing their even their effort or contribution to public good (see Falk, Fehr and Fischbacher 2005, Econometrica For more details on this result.)
Well, this summary very fast (this has been discussed repeatedly in this blog) is just to stage the topic I want to address, namely the magnitude of the effect of context or presented in the phenomena of contribution to public good.
The effect of context, well known in experimental economics, has been highlighted by Kahneman and Tversky long ago (for a teacher, I'll drive back here) a few words, he said that the choice economic are sensitive to how choices are presented. (In economists' jargon, we say that there is an axiom (rarely asked explicitly for that matter) invariance of the description). A considerable number of studies showed this effect in the case of individual choices, but few have done in the case of choices involving what economists call a social dilemma, ie a situation in which the cooperation between individuals would be desirable (all contribute to public good) but for the community in which rationality will push individuals towards a poorer outcome of equilibrium in terms of general interest.
Other examples are possible as regards for example the quality of our environment, the ecological sense, is it better to implement incentives to create the public good, through positive actions of remediation, or incentives to prevent the public from bad behavior polluters?
Under the policies against the greenhouse effect, the question arises. For example, in a report of recent Center for Strategic Analysis (available here ), about the political fight against the greenhouse effect, it says that the contributions of the Copenhagen agreement, describes generally as a failure, was the establishment of mechanisms (REDD +) designed to both preserve the quality of the environment but also to implement actions to in improve quality. In particular, it states:
Innuendo, it is well to worry about preserving the environment, but without doubt we must make more voluntary actions are implemented.
Economic theory is a priori neutral point of view: according to microeconomic theory, context does not matter (see what has been said previously) and the effectiveness of incentives in one case (creation of public goods) must be the same as in the other case (limit the development of public bad).
is precisely the subject of the article written in collaboration with Douadia Bougherara , INRA, and David Masclet soon published in an international journal, in which we seek to highlight a possible effect of context in the case of public goods. The idea is very simple: look for a creative context public good in a context of preservation of the public good, in the context of a fairly extensive experience.
For the context of preservation, assume that all resources of individuals are already placed in a common pot (the public good) and that the maintenance of these resources in the pot has an opportunity cost of private for each agent. Removing a unit of the pool, he gave up what he was withdrawing from the unit's good, but can use this resource for private consumption. Of course, by then, since this is a public good, created a negative externality because it also destroys the benefit derived by the other members of his group over to this unit was placed in the public good.
For the context of creation is simpler. Each individual has a certain amount of resources, and each of them should simply decide the amount it invests in the common pot, the amount invested with private opportunity cost (the private consumption that the agent can be made), but generates a utility after the consumption of public good and a positive externality, since the other group members also benefit from resources put into the pot. This is the famous game of VCM (Voluntary Contribution Mechanism) first used by Isaac and Walker in 1988.
To be honest, there was already an article by James Andreoni wrote on the subject in 1995 implementing almost exactly the experimental protocol that I have described, comparing the creation context and the context of preservation. It came to a surprising result, however: the level of cooperation was higher on average in the context of creating the public good in the context of preservation. The amount invested in the context in which each subject had to invest in the common pot nonexistent at the start was more important than the amount removed from the existing pot initially. As noted by Andreoni, and otherwise, subjects preferred to do good than to avoid evil (he wrote exactly "i t Must Be That people enjoy doing a good deed More Than THEY enjoy not doing a bad deed ").
In the article we wrote, we tested the robustness of this result. It must be said that it seemed quite incredible and we had some doubts about its strength: how individuals could they be more willing to destroy the public good than to create it? It seemed more natural to think that once the public good creates a form of status quo bias or bias staffing would be implemented, and that participants would find it easier to maintain than the public good create. Indeed, this is precisely what is suggested by the status quo bias highlighted by Thaler in 1980. If you give any good individuals, they are ready to make more effort to keep only if they are asked to make efforts to get the same good.
To complicate the problem a bit, and give a character greater generality in our study, we considered a public good game a bit special, with so-called threshold. In the context of creating a public good, this means that if the level of contributions is below a certain value, the public is not well established. In our experiment, we set different threshold levels, and if the threshold was reached, the public was well established in the amount of the sum of contributions by affected individuals. If, against the threshold was not reached, the contributions were lost to the subjects. This means that if, for example, the threshold to create the public good is 60 units, and that of the four participants in the group, one has invested all its resource endowment (20 units) and the other three have all invested less than forty units, then the first gets a payoff equal zero.
In the context of preservation, this means that at the beginning of the game, all the endowments of the players is placed in the pot (or 80 units, since each of the four players have 20 units right withdrawal), and they can exercise a right to withdraw a maximum of twenty units each. Each unit is removed by a player gives a point. Each unit remaining in the pot, provided that the threshold of preservation is not exceeded, giving 0.4 points to each participant, or 1.6 point for the entire group of 4 persons. For example, if the threshold for which the public is well preserved is 60 units, this means that if, for example, two participants in the group of 4 decided to remove all 20 units and the other two do not derive anything, the public good is completely destroyed. People who earn 20 points and removed those who have nothing removed earn zero points.
interest to introduce thresholds is twofold. First, it is more the reality of most public goods that surround us, insofar as the amount of public good created by the efforts of individuals within a community is probably not such linéaire.Si community does not a minimum amount of effort, the public good is not realized. Moreover, it changes the nature of equilibria theoretical contribution to the public good. In the game of public good without contributing to the threshold, the dominant strategy equilibrium is a balance of free riding, in which participants should contribute zero to the property (or withdraw all of their rights). In games Contribution threshold with the public good, we are in the presence of coordination games, in which multiple equilibria are: the balance of free riding still exists, but there are many Nash equilibria in which the sum of the contributions of players is exactly equal to the threshold of creating defined (or, in the context of preservation, the amount of withdrawals from the Nash equilibrium is equal to the threshold of preservation). What balance will ultimately selected by the players?
balance of free riding or to balance the public good to exist? The interest in experimental economics is precisely to establish results which enable an idea of the situation that is ultimately selected specifically by the group of individuals. 
Beyond this result which underscores the strength of the experimental results concerning the behavior of contribution to public good, an interesting result and I leave to your sagacity, reader, is as follows. It seems that, contrary to what is observed for private goods, there is no status quo bias to public goods. That already existed before the public good does not guarantee that individuals will have a greater tendency to maintain that they have the tendency to create other public goods.
Amazing, no? 
Random wanderings of my intellectual rather difficult in recent months, I came across an article by Messer et al 2007 on the importance of context effects in the behavior of contribution to public good. As you know some players, the economists refer to as public good property that has two characteristics, the first being the indivisibility of use (I can use the property without such use does not interfere or limit the use by another individual) and the second being the impossibility of excluding potential users (I can not stop my neighbor to enjoy the lighting even if there contributes nothing because tax fraud for example) .. .
[This is a picture, my neighbors are very nice people above all suspicion. I hope that no zealous collector does not read these lines]
The problem with public goods is the possibility that individuals behave as free riders, that is to say they do not contribute personally the public good, the contribution is generally expensive and, due to its characteristics of non-excludability, soiten tempted to wait another without an effort to produce it themselves. This possibility of free riding was raised by Knut Wicksell, an Austrian economist, from the late 19th century.
Experimental studies on this question were extremely numerous and all tend to show that the behavior of a stowaway is not as common as that, and only a small proportion of individuals are actually stowaways. The problem is that this relatively small minority is "toxic" because individuals who are not intrinsically stowaways will tend, if the contribution to the public good is repeated over time, to punish free riders by reducing their even their effort or contribution to public good (see Falk, Fehr and Fischbacher 2005, Econometrica For more details on this result.)
Well, this summary very fast (this has been discussed repeatedly in this blog) is just to stage the topic I want to address, namely the magnitude of the effect of context or presented in the phenomena of contribution to public good.
The effect of context, well known in experimental economics, has been highlighted by Kahneman and Tversky long ago (for a teacher, I'll drive back here) a few words, he said that the choice economic are sensitive to how choices are presented. (In economists' jargon, we say that there is an axiom (rarely asked explicitly for that matter) invariance of the description). A considerable number of studies showed this effect in the case of individual choices, but few have done in the case of choices involving what economists call a social dilemma, ie a situation in which the cooperation between individuals would be desirable (all contribute to public good) but for the community in which rationality will push individuals towards a poorer outcome of equilibrium in terms of general interest.
Messer's study deals specifically on this issue. The example given is that the donation of organs. Organ donation is typically a public good. Indeed, two main types of regulations exist at the international level. In the first type, you're supposed to donors by default (if you do not say anything, you can use your body for transplants or other) and the second type, you're supposed non-donor by default (it should say explicitly that you wish to donate your organs so they can be used for transplants).
A 2003 study by Johnston and Goldstein published in the journal Science ("do defaults save lives? ) shows that countries in which the status quo for the donation of organs is the consent (by default you are the donor and you must tell your loved ones explicitly if you refuse to give your organs) have a donation rate of 85.9% to 99.9% while for those countries where the status quo is a non-consent (France until recently), the rate of donation ranged between 4.3% and 27.5%.
A 2003 study by Johnston and Goldstein published in the journal Science ("do defaults save lives? ) shows that countries in which the status quo for the donation of organs is the consent (by default you are the donor and you must tell your loved ones explicitly if you refuse to give your organs) have a donation rate of 85.9% to 99.9% while for those countries where the status quo is a non-consent (France until recently), the rate of donation ranged between 4.3% and 27.5%.
Other examples are possible as regards for example the quality of our environment, the ecological sense, is it better to implement incentives to create the public good, through positive actions of remediation, or incentives to prevent the public from bad behavior polluters?
Under the policies against the greenhouse effect, the question arises. For example, in a report of recent Center for Strategic Analysis (available here ), about the political fight against the greenhouse effect, it says that the contributions of the Copenhagen agreement, describes generally as a failure, was the establishment of mechanisms (REDD +) designed to both preserve the quality of the environment but also to implement actions to in improve quality. In particular, it states:
"The Agreement explicitly included the establishment of a mechanism called" REDD + "to fight against deforestation and degradation but also to promote the planting, management forestry and conservation of carbon stocks "
Innuendo, it is well to worry about preserving the environment, but without doubt we must make more voluntary actions are implemented.
Economic theory is a priori neutral point of view: according to microeconomic theory, context does not matter (see what has been said previously) and the effectiveness of incentives in one case (creation of public goods) must be the same as in the other case (limit the development of public bad).
is precisely the subject of the article written in collaboration with Douadia Bougherara , INRA, and David Masclet soon published in an international journal, in which we seek to highlight a possible effect of context in the case of public goods. The idea is very simple: look for a creative context public good in a context of preservation of the public good, in the context of a fairly extensive experience.
For the context of preservation, assume that all resources of individuals are already placed in a common pot (the public good) and that the maintenance of these resources in the pot has an opportunity cost of private for each agent. Removing a unit of the pool, he gave up what he was withdrawing from the unit's good, but can use this resource for private consumption. Of course, by then, since this is a public good, created a negative externality because it also destroys the benefit derived by the other members of his group over to this unit was placed in the public good.
For the context of creation is simpler. Each individual has a certain amount of resources, and each of them should simply decide the amount it invests in the common pot, the amount invested with private opportunity cost (the private consumption that the agent can be made), but generates a utility after the consumption of public good and a positive externality, since the other group members also benefit from resources put into the pot. This is the famous game of VCM (Voluntary Contribution Mechanism) first used by Isaac and Walker in 1988.
To be honest, there was already an article by James Andreoni wrote on the subject in 1995 implementing almost exactly the experimental protocol that I have described, comparing the creation context and the context of preservation. It came to a surprising result, however: the level of cooperation was higher on average in the context of creating the public good in the context of preservation. The amount invested in the context in which each subject had to invest in the common pot nonexistent at the start was more important than the amount removed from the existing pot initially. As noted by Andreoni, and otherwise, subjects preferred to do good than to avoid evil (he wrote exactly "i t Must Be That people enjoy doing a good deed More Than THEY enjoy not doing a bad deed ").
In the article we wrote, we tested the robustness of this result. It must be said that it seemed quite incredible and we had some doubts about its strength: how individuals could they be more willing to destroy the public good than to create it? It seemed more natural to think that once the public good creates a form of status quo bias or bias staffing would be implemented, and that participants would find it easier to maintain than the public good create. Indeed, this is precisely what is suggested by the status quo bias highlighted by Thaler in 1980. If you give any good individuals, they are ready to make more effort to keep only if they are asked to make efforts to get the same good.
To complicate the problem a bit, and give a character greater generality in our study, we considered a public good game a bit special, with so-called threshold. In the context of creating a public good, this means that if the level of contributions is below a certain value, the public is not well established. In our experiment, we set different threshold levels, and if the threshold was reached, the public was well established in the amount of the sum of contributions by affected individuals. If, against the threshold was not reached, the contributions were lost to the subjects. This means that if, for example, the threshold to create the public good is 60 units, and that of the four participants in the group, one has invested all its resource endowment (20 units) and the other three have all invested less than forty units, then the first gets a payoff equal zero.
In the context of preservation, this means that at the beginning of the game, all the endowments of the players is placed in the pot (or 80 units, since each of the four players have 20 units right withdrawal), and they can exercise a right to withdraw a maximum of twenty units each. Each unit is removed by a player gives a point. Each unit remaining in the pot, provided that the threshold of preservation is not exceeded, giving 0.4 points to each participant, or 1.6 point for the entire group of 4 persons. For example, if the threshold for which the public is well preserved is 60 units, this means that if, for example, two participants in the group of 4 decided to remove all 20 units and the other two do not derive anything, the public good is completely destroyed. People who earn 20 points and removed those who have nothing removed earn zero points.
interest to introduce thresholds is twofold. First, it is more the reality of most public goods that surround us, insofar as the amount of public good created by the efforts of individuals within a community is probably not such linéaire.Si community does not a minimum amount of effort, the public good is not realized. Moreover, it changes the nature of equilibria theoretical contribution to the public good. In the game of public good without contributing to the threshold, the dominant strategy equilibrium is a balance of free riding, in which participants should contribute zero to the property (or withdraw all of their rights). In games Contribution threshold with the public good, we are in the presence of coordination games, in which multiple equilibria are: the balance of free riding still exists, but there are many Nash equilibria in which the sum of the contributions of players is exactly equal to the threshold of creating defined (or, in the context of preservation, the amount of withdrawals from the Nash equilibrium is equal to the threshold of preservation). What balance will ultimately selected by the players?
balance of free riding or to balance the public good to exist? The interest in experimental economics is precisely to establish results which enable an idea of the situation that is ultimately selected specifically by the group of individuals.
In the experiment we conducted, and has resorted to just under 400 participants, we implemented the two contexts (creation vs. preservation of the public good) and for four levels threshold public good (zero, 28, 60 and 80). The results are numerous, but for the most part, and to our surprise it must be said, it appears that the result of Andreoni is robust: cooperation levels are higher in the case of a creation of a public good that in the case of preserving it. The chart below briefly summarizes the main result. The higher the threshold level for the public good, the higher the level of cooperation within the group (the height of the bars which form the total contributions in each group on average) is high, and this is true in both contexts (creation and preservation in blue in red), although the maximum threshold level (80), levels of cooperation are lower than the threshold level immediately below. However, quite clearly, the gap relative levels of cooperation between the two contexts is even stronger than the threshold embodying the creation or maintenance of the public good is high.
source: Bougherara, Denant-Boemont & Masclet, 2010.
Beyond this result which underscores the strength of the experimental results concerning the behavior of contribution to public good, an interesting result and I leave to your sagacity, reader, is as follows. It seems that, contrary to what is observed for private goods, there is no status quo bias to public goods. That already existed before the public good does not guarantee that individuals will have a greater tendency to maintain that they have the tendency to create other public goods.
Amazing, no?
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